söndag 24 februari 2013

Blog #5 - Medialized: Your place or mine? - Activity

Activity: Write your own news story
1. Choose a short current news story about a conflict somewhere in the world. You can use any Swedish or English source, but your re-written story should be in English.
2. Choose a specific angle that you can use to re-write the news story with a clear bias.
3. Re-write the news story, selecting language as well as specific images you can use to illustrate it so that it supports the specific bias/angle you have chosen. Post this to your blog.

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Over 20 dead in another suicide bombing


22 people have been killed outside of Iraq’s capital when a suicide bomber attacked a group of government supported militia. Approximately 40 people have been claimed to be injured according to sources inside the hospital and police.


The militia was collecting their pay checks in an office in al-Taji outside of Bagdad when the terrorist struck. Security and hospital sources have confirmed that most of the victims were members in the police anti-terrorist squad called Sahwa. Many heroic soldiers are also reported dead.

This is the seventh terrorist suicide bombing in Iraq in less than a month.



Blog Assignment #5 - Your Place or Mine

Comprehension questions:
What is the difference between the words “terrorist” and “suicide bomber”?
The word “terrorist” is charged with very much negativity and is often used when correspondents have taken a side in a conflict. The word choice of “suicide bomber” only gives away that a person have blown himself or herself up with the goal to hurt other people. This term does not state that all suicide bombers are terrorists which is important to be clear about.
Discuss the different facts revealed about the firing of rockets from Gaza. What is shown about the “facts” here?
There are two very different stories told about these rockets. The Israelis state that the Palestinians and the Hamas have fired over 400 rockets during the last years, even during ceasefire. The Hamas have filled the rockets with chunks of rebar to make them even more deadly. The Israelis have now put up a blockade around Gaza to try to prevent being hit more times with the rockets.
According to a military leader of Hamas there has been no firing of rockets at all. He says that there is no point in firing them if they do not hit anybody or any buildings.
In this case the Hamas clearly is lying since there if proof of rockets being fired from them. However, there are probably so many more facts that you should consider before judging or choosing a side that are not stated in this video.
Different perspectives are presented about underground tunnels. What are these? Is it possible to verify any of this information?
Once again there are two different sides to this story. The Israelis claims that the Palestinians use the tunnels to import iron, cement and rebar to make the rockets even more lethal than they already are. The Palestinians on the other hand says that they only use the tunnels to import food and items used for rebuilding houses and places that were destroyed during the war in 2009, and other necessaries that are crucial for the people´s survival.
There is some video footage of the tunnels but with only this information there is not anything verifying that the Palestinians only use them for the purposes they are talking about. There has to be more clear evidence of what actually is transported, imported and smuggled through the tunnels before any of this information can be verified.
What are the problems with using words like occupation or settlements? What do they mean in this context?
These two words are biased and when using them you “take a specific side” depending on how, when and about who you are referring to. Both of the words are strong and can be seen as negative words depending on the perspective. All journalists and correspondents have to be very careful when using either of these words.
What advice is given to the average person who wants to understand the Israel-Palestinian conflict?
An advice is to read books. Read books containing information about not only the conflict, but about the history of the conflict and the history of the people. Read the different views from both sides and compare them, try to understand the differences. By doing this you can build your own opinion of the conflict without all the bias from the different sides.

Reflection questions
Which of the two “stories” presented is most similar to what you have seen reported in the Swedish media? Why is this, do you think?
According to me and what I have seen at home on the news, the pro-Palestinian story is the most alike to my view of the conflict. However, I do not have feel that Sweden has chosen a clear side at all. For me, it feels more like Sweden and the news displayed here are more concerned with showing the unfairness and often the weaker side rather than on specific side of the conflict in question. Sweden has through time kept a quite neutral position and opinion about conflicts around the world, this including the one concerning the Gaza strip as well. 


Which of these stories is more likely to be presented in countries like, for example, the USA, Germany or Jordan? Why?
In all of these three countries (USA, Germany and Jordan), the pro-Israeli video is most likely to be presented. The USA have a lot of Jews, especially since many emigrated there from Germany after the Holocaust. Israel and the United States have a close relationship and therefor it is clear that they would show the pro-Israeli video. Jordan is in good terms with USA and their king looks up to the States. Jordan often “follows” what the super power acts on and where they stand in these conflicts and rarely take the other side. Germany has a long history concerning Jews and Israel and therefor I think the pro-Israeli version is the one displayed in Germany. With the history of the Holocaust and all concerning that period of time, Germany has a hard time showing anything other than pro-Israeli versions. Of course, Germany also has a large Jew population in the country and that does not make it more complex to understand why they would show the pro-Israeli one.


If the reality of the Gaza Strip should be presented in a news story, what elements should be included? Why?
The most important part is to be presented with the story from both sides. There has to be multiple people’s stories and facts that together make up the larger picture, since it is vital for a true understanding of the conflict. If not, the story would probably be bias towards a specific side and that is not the reality. It is also important to present the history of the conflict as well as the history of the people involved. Both positive and negative happenings/outcomes/effects should also be reported about from both sides. Otherwise the reporting would be bias, which once again does not display the truth and reality.

How can you know if a news report is biased or not?
There are a couple of points you can check when trying to find out if a news report is bias or not. First of all you can check the main source of the article. Has that source any history of being bias or preferring one special side? Does the journalist or author have any specific political position or other interests? If so, you can almost draw the conclusion that the report is biased. When you read the report and see that there are more positives than negatives you can also oftentimes draw the same conclusion since the whole story probably not is displayed. The wording in the report can also reveal if the content is biased or not, e.g. with the words “terrorist” and “suicide bomber”. 

lördag 23 februari 2013

Blog Assignment #4 - Thucydides: The first war correspondent

  1. As we listen, take notes about what you hear in this documentary. After your notes are complete, structure them into a 2-3 paragraph summary, which you should post to your blog.

    The Peloponnesian war started in 431 BC and lasted for 27 years. This historic war was fought between Athens and Sparta. Athens was urban and the city of Sparta was rural. How today´s society has so much knowledge about this war has a simple explanation. There was a man named Thucydides who recorded everything possible about this war. He is said to be the first war correspondent ever. From Athens he reported about the war and he used the imagery of plague to describe the corpses and all the deaths of the brutal war. Thucydides was later exiled to Sparta and got the war story from Sparta´s side as well. He carefully analyzed everything and was not interested in anything else but the truth and always wanted to be as objective as possible. The news he reported about had great importance to him and he never wanted them to be seen as gossip or even a story, therefor he only used information directly from eye witnesses or himself, he did not want anything else than primary sources.


    Thucydides was a wealthy and well-educated man who was primarily a historian and as I stated above, lived in exile. During his lifetime he made it his mission to tell the truth about the war and he was very determined to be neutral. Many people have through the years said that Thucydides had a computer in his brains. But it is hard to remember everything that every witness says as well as everything that Thucydides himself heard or saw, so he dictated to some person who wrote it all down on papyrus rolls. Thucydides revolutionized the way that news is recorded during his time and this has had a great impact on the present day and all the current news in the world.

Answer these question and post to your blog: 

  • What are the most important qualities for a war correspondent, according to this documentary?
The most important quality of a war correspondent is to be objective about the event and not bias. If the news for example involve a war there should be absolutely no ”flattering” of any side. Thoroughness and passion are also valuable qualities. 

  • How does Thucydides report on the conflict he witnesses? Why is his reporting still relevant today?

Thucydides travelled across the Greek nation and his goal was to receive all facts himself or by eye witnesses. He wanted to portray the objective truth, he did not rely on the stories first encountered by and the recordings he made were available on papyrus for the public.

What Thucydides did and went through to get all facts and an honest picture of the event, is exactly what war correspondence is all about. His way of working set the grounds of today´s news corresponding. This kind of reporting is the kind that lasts. It is the kind that still remains important and accurate even after hundreds of years passing by since the actual war or event.

  • How has war reporting changed in the digital age? What would Thucydides think of this?

There are many changes since Thucydides lived and worked. Travelling is for example so much easier today with airplanes, trains and buses  Then of course there also is the Internet which spread news as fast as lightening. War correspondents today can easily copy another one´s notes or facts about the event without being live at the scene. This as well makes more news bias or altered to attract as many readers or viewers as possible. It is hard to find a true, objective and neutral recording of today´s wars.

Since all the differences between today´s war correspondents and Thucydides I do not think that Thucydides would like all the changes. He might appreciate the eased travelling but I cannot see that he would be so enthusiastic about correspondents reporting from places other than the actual scene of the event. He would probably want most to be more thorough and objective when recording and reporting in their professions. 


måndag 11 februari 2013

Blog Assignment #3 - Get creative with McLuhan!

"Hot" and "Cool" Media! 

(Click on the image for larger format)

I chose to do a very simple collage with only two pictures because I want it to be easy to understand the meaning behind this kind of media. Hot and Cool Media was the sort of media that got my attention and interest the most out of McLuhan´s different concepts. I have never before thought about how many and which senses I rely on depending on what media I use. When I think about it, I realise that for example when I watch TV I am active and using many of my senses  when trying to fill in the gaps in the context. This is a classic example of "Cool Media". But when I listen to the radio I only use one, my hearing, and often I will hear all sounds, music or information from the news that I need to have complete involvement. This is the so called "Hot Media". With this collage I want to show the easiest explanation of McLuhan´s concept of "Hot" and "Cool" media. 

måndag 4 februari 2013

Working with Image Analysis

Find a provocative and interesting image to bring to class for us to work with! You can choose a famous historical image, or one from current media. Post this to your blog, so we can work with each other’s image texts. 
The images you encounter in the media are kinds of texts. They have a message and a purpose. When you analyze an image you try to establish what possible messages and purposes are being conveyed. Just like a word, a picture can have a denotative meaning (a literal, factual meaning), as well as a connotative meaning (how the picture’s meaning might be interpreted).
Denotative Description:
1. Image Type: What kind of image is it? (is it a photograph, a painting, a drawing, a still shot from a video)
2. People: What are the people doing in the image? How are they dressed? What kinds of facts can you find out about them?
3. Setting: What kind of time and place is depicted in the image? How is it depicted?
4. Composition: Does the image have perspective (can you see depth in the image)? What kind of a perspective is used (is it eye-level? bird’s eye view? from the ground looking up?) Has the image been cropped or cut in any way? What is in the centre of the image? What is in the background? What can we see along the sides?
Connotative Analysis:
Interpret the Image:
TONE: What sort of tone, mood or atmosphere does the image convey? What sort of feeling do you get when you view the image? How is this tone, atmosphere or mood created?
RELATIONSHIPS: How do the people in the image relate to each other? What can you learn from their facial expressions and body language?
SETTING: Does the time and place give any more specific information about the image?
WHAT IS NOT SEEN: What is happening outside the frames of the image? Does this have any bearing on what you see happening in the image?
TIME: When do you think this image was captured? What can we learn about this moment in time from the image?
MESSAGE: What do you think the photographer or artist is trying to tell us with this image? What is the theme or lesson this image is trying to convey?

Blog Assignment #2 - Image Analysis

“The power of pictures”

Comprehension Questions:

              1. In the first section of the film, cameras are given to the Palestinians in order to “balance things out”. What kind of balance is needed? Why?

The balance needed is the balance within legal conflicts. The Palestinians are in a quite weak position when it comes to the law since It is the Israelis that enforces the laws. The video cameras are in use to give the Palestinians more power since they are no treated the way they should be. The Israeli often claim the land of Palestinians as a military zone and chase them of their own land which is not right or fair. With the cameras they can prove their rights and show the police videos if they are not treated the way they are entitled to.

2. The paparazzi photographer believes that he is a truer “photojournalist”. Why? Do you agree with him?

Mr. Flores says that you have to be aware as a paparazzi photographer because you have to capture the moment and that you never know when it will take place. He believes that a news photographer or a photojournalist is only being told where to go and that they always know in advance exactly how their photo will look like in the end. They are being served their photos.
I do not agree with him. Yes, perhaps it is easier for someone who knows exactly what to take a photograph of but I think that a picture concerning a human catastrophe or something similar has so much more value than a fashion shot of a model leaving her home for a coffee. So I do not agree with Mr. Flores beliefs.

3. What is Katrin Jakobsen’s goal when she takes her pictures? How does she want viewers to be affected? Is this art, or is it political?

Her goal is not to change the world with her art but she want to affect people. To make them take the image with them for the rest of their life and remember them. By the use of colorful items and what looks to be a “happy place” she wants to lure and almost deceive the viewer into looking closer to the picture. When this happens, the viewer realizes what the photo actually is portraying and then it is too late to look away. I think that the message behind the exterior of the photo is a political message. She strives towards affecting people but she uses the art as a disguise and a bait to capture people’s interest. Her pictures are strong and I was really affected by her art.

4. Why are cartoons such an effective weapon against dictators and poorly functioning democracies?

Because the aim of these cartoons is to first make people laugh and secondly to make them think. The artists make the people think about the message behind the cartoon and hopefully everyone laughs at it since it is made in a funny way. The only one not to laugh is the one person that the cartoon is all about, often against people like dictators of countries which are in a bad state.

5. What is the role of paparazzi? What do they contribute to culture?

This is a question that has personal opinions as answers and this question therefor has different answers depending on whom you are asking. Personally, I do not see how paparazzi contribute with anything to culture, at least not anything of importance according to me. The paparazzi´s role is to display the life of famous people to us who live outside of that world. We are so curious and eager to know more about the life of the world’s celebs that paparazzi´s get paid to take their picture wherever they may go or do.

6. Historian Dick Harrison says that leaders like to be portrayed as strong the media. In what way does this happen today? How are Obama, for example, or Reinfeldt or the Swedish king portrayed in the media? Find a few examples, and post these with a brief analysis to your blog.

King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden



Our king is almost always shown in media as very strict and as an important man. He often wears his medallions and very seldom smiling. He is portrayed as a man with authority and there is like an “unwritten law” that says that he cannot act like a normal person, laughing or even smiling big when something great happens.

Crown princess Victoria of Sweden




Our crown princess is very different from her dad. In contrast to her dad she is smiling and laughing in the photos shown in media. If you browse the web it is hard to find a strict and stiff picture of her. This really shows a new side of the royal family according to me. This side shows a more natural side of them and a side that more people can relate to. She does not feel distant and this is something I think Swedish people appreciate. When she takes the thrown this distance most of the population has today for the king will probably decrease.

7. The image of Phan Ti Kim Phuc won a Pulitzer Prize and is credited with bringing about the end of the Vietnam war. Would such an image achieve the same notoriety or impact today? Why or why not?

I absolutely think that images like that one can make such an impact in today´s society as well. For me it is hard only to look at it because I get so sad for the people involved and that the picture is just awful and that the pain is so striking. I honestly hope that the countries and people at war nowadays feel the same as I do over these kinds of pictures and that they realize that it is wrong in so many ways. There are people suffering all over the world and hopefully more of these photographs will help putting them to an end.

8. Today we are exposed to so many more images than we were a few decades ago. Does this make us pay more attention to images around us, or less? Support your response with examples.

This depends on where I am. In the subway, in busses or in other public places with a lot of advertising I do not take much notice of pictures or photographs but if I am for example at a friend’s house the photos mean more and therefor they then draw more of my attention. These photos are often personal and for me that mean that I can learn something about the family and friend in question which I find interesting. I do take the bus almost every day though, so it might be different from people who rarely go by bus.